As one of the major industrial countries in the West, Germany is also one of the countries with long-term development assistance, large scale and obvious results in the world. It promotes poverty alleviation, protects the ecological environment, builds the legal system and achieves economic sustainability. Contributions such as development have been widely recognized by the international community. China's foreign aid is still in its infancy. Understanding the characteristics of the German foreign aid system and learning from its effective practices and successful experiences will help China improve the quality and level of foreign aid work as soon as possible, thus creating a high degree with Chinese characteristics. Quality foreign aid system.
I. Legal basis for German development policy cooperation Although Germany is a country with a relatively sound legal system, its foreign development assistance has been more than 40 years old, but so far, Germany does not have a Foreign Aid Law. Moreover, there are no regulations on the implementation of foreign development assistance in the laws governing foreign economic relations and trades such as the German Foreign Economic Law and the Foreign Economic Regulations. Historically, one of the main political parties in Germany, the Social Democratic Party, had asked for the enactment of the law in a parliamentary proposal, but it did not succeed. The most closely related to development cooperation in Germany’s existing laws is the Development Assistance Workers Act (“Entwicklungshelfer-Gesetzâ€), which was enacted in 1969, but the law only provides social security and dispatch for development aid workers in Germany. The relationship between the unit and other issues has been stipulated, and it does not cover the formulation and implementation of German development cooperation and foreign aid policies.
At present, the German government departments and related agencies responsible for development cooperation are mainly based on Germany's obligations in international organizations, bilateral agreements with relevant countries, the current fiscal budget approved by the Bundestag and relevant government departments. A document with administrative regulations.
(1) Germany's obligations in international organizations and bilateral intergovernmental agreements The German government's foreign development cooperation began in the 1950s to participate in the UN's "Expansion Assistance Program." Over the next 40 years, Germany has gradually become a member of many important international organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN Economic and Social Council, UNCTAD, UNIDO, the World Health Organization, the African Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. . The assistance programs developed and implemented by these organizations have made important contributions to the economic and social development of the countries and regions concerned. As a member of these organizations and a party to the relevant agreements, Germany’s obligations and signed agreements have become an important legal basis for German development assistance. On the one hand, Germany directly participates in or subsidizes the assistance projects of the above-mentioned international organizations. On the other hand, it also formulates and implements its own foreign development assistance plan with reference to the action plans and basic principles of relevant international organizations.
In the field of bilateral development cooperation, Germany has signed “financial cooperation agreements†and “technical cooperation agreements†with many developing countries. These agreements provide the most direct and basic legal basis and guarantee for Germany to carry out bilateral development cooperation with relevant countries. In line with this, Germany has also established a mixed policy mechanism for development policies with some partner countries. Within this mechanism, the governments of both sides regularly consult and coordinate on the scale and scope of development policy cooperation, jointly identify cooperation projects, and evaluate the projects that have been implemented.
(II) Federal Government's Annual Budget Another important legal basis for the federal government in formulating and implementing development cooperation policies is the government's annual budget. In Germany, the budget is one of the core bills that determine the allocation of government resources and implements the concept of governance and public policy. It plays a pivotal role. The budget has been prepared from the beginning, coordinated by various departments, and passed through the third reading of the Parliament and promulgated and implemented, generally lasting for 14 months. Once the budget is in force, it has the same effect as the law. In the federal government's annual budget, there is a special development cooperation budget ("Federal Budget Separate Program 23"), which in 2004 provided 3.8 billion euros for Germany's development cooperation. The budget not only determines the overall size of German foreign aid in the same year, but also stipulates the basic distribution ratio of these funds in terms of financial cooperation, technical cooperation, personnel training, dispatching experts and participation in multilateral cooperation projects.
(III) Measures for the implementation of the government's medium- and long-term foreign aid planning and assistance measures The German government has formulated basic principles and action plans for all major areas of development cooperation, such as the “Action Plan 2015†on poverty eradication and the “environment in the field of environmental protectionâ€. Sustainable Development Assistance Strategy, etc. Such plans and programmes set medium- and long-term goals and strategic priorities for development assistance.
The federal government has also formulated specific implementation measures for major development assistance measures such as financial cooperation, technical cooperation, and personnel exchanges, and made clear and detailed regulations on procedural issues. Although such administrative regulations are not legal in the strict sense, they are also very binding and influential. Since it involves all the specific issues related to development cooperation, it has important guiding significance for policy formulation and project implementation agencies, and is therefore an important basis for development cooperation.
Second, the historical context of Germany's development policy cooperation The 1950s and 1960s was the beginning stage of Germany's development cooperation policy. Germany's development cooperation began in 1952 when Germany officially participated in the UN's "expansion assistance program" (later the United Nations Development Program). Four years later, the German Bundestag passed a bill to establish a “50 million mark fund†for foreign development assistance. In 1961, the Federal Government established the Ministry of Economic Cooperation, the first cabinet of European governments to specialize in foreign aid and development policy cooperation. Prior to this, the German officials responsible for development cooperation were scattered among the 15 ministerial units in charge of economic, financial and agricultural fields. In the late 1960s, the German government’s understanding of development cooperation changed significantly. At that time, the Minister of Economic Cooperation, Eppler, proposed replacing the original concept of “economic growth†with the “quality of life in developing countries†as a measure of the country’s development. standard. This has enabled Germany to expand its understanding of “development†from a single economic aspect to a broader perspective such as “health levelâ€, “national participation in political life†and “recipient educationâ€.
In the early 1970s, the increase in poverty and the famine in sub-Saharan Africa caused many developing countries to face serious crises, and Germany began to question the pattern of assistance it has been taking through individual projects that are not linked. Since then, the federal government has begun to develop medium- and long-term development assistance programs based on the state of the world economy and the actual needs of developing countries. The focus of the work at the time was to reduce unemployment through the development of labour-intensive agriculture, infrastructure and industry, as well as health and food aid. The oil crisis of the mid-1970s led to a worldwide economic depression. To this end, Germany shifted its focus on development assistance to the developing countries that were the poorest at the time and the hardest hit by rising oil prices. During this period, the power of the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development was significantly strengthened, and the contents of financial assistance and multilateral cooperation were added to its terms of reference.
In the 1980s, the situation in developing countries remained very difficult. The second oil crisis of 1979/80 triggered a global economic recession, and developed countries adopted trade protectionism policies. This has led to a fall in global raw material prices, rising interest rates and a growing debt burden in developing countries. At the same time, the spread of AIDS, drug abuse and environmental degradation are also plaguing developing countries. In 1986, the German government formulated a new development policy and established the long-term goal of “maintaining peace, eliminating large-scale poverty and safeguarding human rightsâ€, which has had a profound impact on the direction of Germany’s later development cooperation policy.
In the 1990s, with the elimination of confrontation between the East and the West and the unification of the two virtues, the scope of German foreign aid was further expanded. During this period, awareness of environmental protection and sustainable development began to awaken worldwide. The United Nations World Conference on Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), the World Conference on Women (1995, Beijing) and the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (1996, Istanbul) The International Conference issued a series of historic declarations and resolutions. Foreign aid from Germany during this period also closely focused on the above topics.
III. Current Objectives and Tasks of German Development Policy Cooperation The current position of Germany's development policy is that development policies should enable people around the world to make better use of the opportunities brought about by globalization and the end of the Cold War. It is necessary to prevent some countries, regions and people from being marginalized. In a globalized world, the future of Germany is closely linked to the fate of developing countries. To sum up, the goal of the German development policy is to “eliminate poverty, promote social justice in the process of globalization and maintain world peaceâ€. To achieve these goals, Germany has made the following tasks the focus of development cooperation:
- Eliminating Poverty Worldwide The German government formulated the "2015 Action Plan" in April 2001, clarifying that Germany should do the goal of reducing the world's poverty to half of the 2000 level by 2015. work.
-- Reducing debts of the poorest countries According to Germany's initiative, major Western developed countries have increased their debts for the most poor countries to 70 billion US dollars, while requiring poor countries benefiting from debt relief to develop special plans to ensure that they receive Debt relief is indeed used in areas such as poverty alleviation, education or health, and the implementation of these programs is actively involve civil society organizations.
-- Maintaining peace and preventing crises cannot develop without peace. Without development, it is impossible to achieve lasting peace. Germany believes that development policies should be a means of maintaining world peace and preventing crises. To this end, Germany trains a large number of civil peace service personnel to undertake the task of preventing and resolving the crisis or helping the two parties to reconcile after the conflict.
-- Improving the efficiency of development policy cooperation In recent years, Germany has gradually reduced the number of partner countries for bilateral development policy cooperation from nearly 120 to about 70, while strengthening the coordination of development policies in bilateral, multilateral and EU contexts. The funds, technology and manpower are concentrated in countries selected according to clear criteria, enabling the full and efficient use of resources.
-- Strengthening the participation of the economic community to achieve the grand goal of development policy. It is far from enough to rely solely on the efforts of the state and government departments. It is necessary to mobilize the economic community to actively participate. The German government is paying more and more attention to the role of the economic community in development cooperation and actively providing various support for enterprises to invest in developing countries. Of course, the investment of corporate funds should be in line with the government's development cooperation policy and be beneficial to the sustainable development of developing countries' economies. At present, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development has established development policy partnerships with more than 500 German companies, which has activated hundreds of millions of euros in the economy.
Fourth, the main content and form of German development policy cooperation
(1) Official bilateral cooperation The official bilateral cooperation is the most important form of development policy cooperation in Germany. The German federal government and the recipient government sign agreements with corresponding international legal effects to support the development plans and projects of recipient countries. The specific implementation of the project is usually undertaken by specific organizations and agencies commissioned by the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development to specialize in cooperation assistance to developing countries in a certain field. In terms of recipient countries, recipient governments will also select project implementation units in their countries to participate in the project as German partners.
At present, the implementation of the official bilateral cooperation between Germany and developing countries mainly includes:
- financial cooperation, providing loans or subsidies;
- technical cooperation, imparting expertise, experience and technology;
- vocational training, research and university cooperation;
- Providing “reintegration†promotion measures to professional and technical personnel who are well-educated in developed countries and who voluntarily return to recipient countries;
- Dispatch experts and development aid workers.
1. Financial cooperation The main task of financial cooperation is to promote the investment of social public facilities (such as education, health, water supply and sewage treatment) and economic infrastructure (such as irrigated agriculture, transportation and energy) in developing countries, thereby improving people's lives. condition. The effect of fiscal cooperation is inseparable from the reform of the recipient countries and the improvement of the framework conditions and the determination of the recipient countries to eradicate poverty. The main form of financial cooperation funds is the provision of concessional loans (soft loans). Since 1978, the German government has also provided grants to the least developed countries (LDCs). Since the beginning of fiscal cooperation in 1960 and the end of 2002, the German federal government has promised to provide 51.5 billion euros of financial cooperation funds to developing countries, of which the actual capital in place is 43.3 billion euros.
Projects supported by financial cooperation funds are jointly selected by the German federal government and recipient governments from the perspective of development policies. The German Federal Government commissioned Kfw to be responsible for the specific implementation of the project (including preliminary preparation, project implementation and post-assessment review). The financial cooperation mainly provides financial support for the physical and equipment investment and related work in the financial cooperation projects of the recipient countries.
Based on the different developments and economic strengths of developing countries, Germany has identified the following specific options for providing financial cooperation funds:
- providing grants to the least developed countries;
- Although not belonging to the least developed countries, due to its low per capita income, the countries that meet the special preferential loan conditions of the World Bank Group's International Development Association (IDA) can also obtain the same conditions of financial cooperation from Germany. Loan, which is 0.75% per annum and 40 years repayment period (including 10 years exemption period);
- For other developing countries, provide loans with an annual interest rate of 2% and a repayment period of 30 years (including a 10-year exemption period).
——After strict conditions review, efforts by recipient countries to eradicate poverty, improve women’s social status, environmental protection, social infrastructure construction, and loan guarantees for SMEs in recipient countries are likely to receive full financial cooperation commitments. 25% subsidy for funds.
——Using government subsidies to subsidize market loans and improve the conditions of market funds.
-- In order to meet the growing demand for financial cooperation funds, Germany also provides a joint loan or hybrid loan that is a mixture of financial cooperation funds and revival credit bank loans in the federal budget. Among them, the joint loan is only provided to the recipient countries with lower risks. The current joint loan is 1.77% per annum and the repayment period is 40 years.
——In order to fill the gap between financial cooperation and development loans and commercial loans, Fuxing Credit Bank can also provide financial cooperation promotion loans to developing countries alone. The conditions of interest and repayment period of such loans are similar to market conditions. Fuxing Credit Bank is responsible for it.
2. Technical cooperation Technical cooperation aims to improve the ability of individuals and institutions in developing countries, especially socially disadvantaged groups, to improve their living conditions through their own efforts by providing free consultation and in-kind funding. Forms of technical cooperation include: the provision of equipment and supplies to promoted institutions in developing countries, the training of local technical staff for recipient countries, the provision of counselling and training specialists, appraisers and other technical staff.
The federal government commissioned the German technical cooperation company to be responsible for the implementation of the relevant projects. In general, recipient countries also designate an existing or upcoming organization as a German partner. In terms of project selection, Germany's preferred projects are those that continue to operate after the end of the aid program.
Since the beginning of technical cooperation in 1960 and the end of 2002, the German federal government has promised to provide 18.1 billion euros of funds for technical cooperation, including a total of 14.8 billion euros.
In addition to the main measures of technical cooperation, German representative offices in developing countries can also be entrusted with the implementation of local “small-scale technical cooperation measuresâ€. This is a convenient grant for small projects provided to recipient countries under special circumstances. The implementation of such measures generally requires the following conditions:
——The funding requirement for a single project does not exceed 8,000 Euros, and the total amount of “small-scale technical cooperation measures†for each recipient country per fiscal year generally does not exceed 30,000 Euros;
- There is no direct connection with other development cooperation projects being implemented by Germany;
- One-time measures, no follow-up obligations.
3. Vocational Training and Scientific Research, University Cooperation German development policy cooperation Another important content is to train management and professionals from the political and economic circles of developing countries to improve their management level and professional quality, so that they can better formulate and Implement policies and projects to improve the lives of their people.
The training program is practice-oriented and aims to equip trainees with knowledge and experience that is not yet available in their home country, including the transfer of technology, the exchange of information and the experience of living in modern industrial countries. The training period is up to one year, and some training programs have an internship of up to nine months. In addition to long-term projects, there are a variety of short-term lectures and courses offered at home and abroad.
The personnel training program covers a wide range of fields, including industry, handicrafts, services, vocational education, agriculture, forestry, public management of sanitary vessels, and resources and environmental protection. The federal states of Germany also provide funding for certain training programs or provide scholarships for trainees, and even provide direct access to colleges and universities for free.
The German International Training and Development Corporation (InWEnt) and the German Federal Labor Office Labor Introduction Center (ZAV) are responsible for the implementation of specific projects. In addition, commissioned and funded by the Ministry of Economic Cooperation, the Radio and Television Training Centre (DWFZ), part of Deutsche Welle, also organizes training and consulting for professionals and managers in the broadcasting sector in developing countries.
In addition, in order to strengthen the links between recipient countries and international academic circles and academic networks, and to improve the level of academic researchers in recipient countries, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation also provides a variety of promotion programs within the scope of research and university cooperation. In 2002, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development provided a total of 23.4 million euros for the German Academic Exchange Center (DAAD), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) and the German Research Center (DFG).
4. Providing “reintegration†promotion measures to professional and technical personnel who are well-educated in Germany and voluntarily returning to recipient countries. Currently, there are about 7 million foreigners living in Germany, and more than half of them are from partner countries of the German Development Cooperation Program. Many of these are well-educated or experienced professionals. In order to enable the technicians who voluntarily return to the recipient countries to better use the skills they have learned in Germany in the economic construction and social development of their hometowns, the OECD will receive the recipient countries in a timely manner in the “reintegration†plan. They are informed of the major development policy tasks and facilitate their return to recipient countries through advice, job placement and funding.
In 2003, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development provided a total of about 10 million euros for different projects in the promotion measures, and mainly commissioned the German Federal Labor Office Labor Introduction Center (ZAV), the World University Service Agency (WUS) and the German Investment and Development Corporation ( DEG) and other specific implementations.
5. Dispatch of Professionals to Developing Countries Generally speaking, the federal government only assigns professionals when the recipient countries do not have the necessary expertise and skills to implement development cooperation projects. Moreover, the federal government only bears the relevant costs if the recipient country is unable or can only partially assume expert fees. The dispatched professionals are divided into the following categories:
- Dispatch experts, who are employed by organizations or agencies in Germany, as consultants for technical cooperation projects to professionals in developing countries. The dispatchers of such experts are mainly German technical cooperation companies (GTZ), political foundations and other private organizations.
- Directly employed experts, ie German experts directly employed by recipient governments or private institutions in the project location and paid at the local level, the German government provides a certain amount of wage subsidies and social welfare subsidies. Most of these experts are recommended to developing countries through the International Migration and Development Center (CIM). At the end of 2003, a total of 619 “directly employed experts†were widely distributed in education, training, mining, construction, medical care, environmental protection, economic planning, public administration and agriculture in 79 countries around the world.
- Development aid workers (Entwicklungshelfer), the "development aid workers" mentioned here are not the people in the general sense of development assistance work, but specifically those under the German Development Assistance Workers Act in the developing countries for the German government. Recognized institutions that implement development assistance “persons who engage in unpaid services for two or more years and are committed to the advancement of these countries in collaborative projectsâ€. This is clearly different from the above two types of experts. In Germany, only the following six institutions can send such “development aid workersâ€: the German Development Service Company (DED) jointly organized by the federal government and relevant associations, the World Peace Service Association (Weltfriedensdienst eV), and the Catholic Church. The Development Assistance Working Group (AGEH), the Overseas Service Association (Dü) organized by the Christian Church, the International Christian Peace Association (EIRENE) and the International Association of Christian Experts (CFI). In 1993, the six institutions jointly formed the “Development Services Working Group†(AGdD) to provide advice on the professional life of development aid workers returning to Germany, and also to provide financial support for their vocational training to relieve their worries.
——InWEnt's ASA project, which introduces work and learning opportunities in Africa, Latin America and Asia for young students in Germany, university graduates and SMEs. The project was initiated by university students in 1960. At present, more than 5,000 people have participated, and the time for the relevant personnel to stay abroad is generally about 3 months.
(II) Unofficial bilateral cooperation Since the early 1960s, the form of social development assistance activities originally belonging to church organizations or charities has changed, and has begun to engage in such issues as environmental protection, human rights, women's issues, anti-corruption and poverty alleviation. Social issues and development issues in North-South cooperation. In an era of accelerated globalization, development policy issues such as crisis prevention and global structural policies have also become new elements of unofficial bilateral cooperation.
At present, there are thousands of non-governmental organizations active in the field of development cooperation in Germany, including churches and political foundations (such as the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation, the Konrad-Adenauer Fund and the Friedrich-Naumann Fund, named after the first Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Germany). As well as other development cooperation organizations, their position in the federal government's development policy is increasingly important. They either directly implement projects to provide food and material assistance to developing countries, help refugees, develop education, improve public health, or carry out foreign aid activities to help developing countries deal with crises, improve economic structure, and promote social justice. These NGOs have easier access to the poor and vulnerable groups of developing countries than official institutions, and are easier to help people overcome their difficulties through their own efforts.
The Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation maintains close ties with these NGOs and provides them with the necessary funding. From 1962 to 2003, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Coordination provided a total of about 9.2 billion euros in funding to non-governmental organizations, of which only 436 million euros were provided in 2003, accounting for more than 10% of the total expenditure of the Ministry. In addition, there is often a dialogue between government departments and non-governmental organizations on issues such as economic and social development.
(III) Multilateral Cooperation Many development issues are international in nature, and their root causes are not limited to one country, and the impact is also cross-border. For example, global climate change, the crisis of ecological diversification, turbulent financial markets and AIDS have all brought severe challenges to the development of countries. Global structural problems such as trade, finance and environmental policies have made global development imbalance. In response to these challenges, the traditional development assistance projects provided by individual countries are far from effective and cannot be accomplished through bilateral development cooperation, but must be carried out within the framework of international organizations.
Multilateral cooperation has positive significance for both donors and recipient countries. In the multilateral mechanism, each donor country has the opportunity to express its own position and experience, affecting the formation of common policies; each recipient country can unite with each other, increase the weight of their interests and aspirations, and avoid individual aiding countries. Dependence.
About one-third of the funds of the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development are used for development cooperation of multilateral institutions or international organizations. Germany usually provides funds in the form of contributions or donations to support related assistance projects. But sometimes Germany also provides special funds to entrust international organizations to implement certain programs or projects.
At present, the multilateral institutions involved in development cooperation that Germany is actively involved mainly include the United Nations and its subordinate organizations (such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development, UNESCO, FAO, ILO, WHO), the United Nations Foundation and the Program ( Such as development plans, UNFPA, Volunteer Programs, UNICEF, Women’s Development Fund, UNHCR and international financial institutions (such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, regional development banks). In addition, the federal government also supports international non-official organizations such as the International Family Planning Association and the International Nature Conservation Association. As an EU member state, Germany also has a considerable number of aid programs that are developed and implemented within the framework of the EU.
It should be noted that in practice, the above three cooperation methods (official bilateral cooperation, unofficial bilateral cooperation and multilateral cooperation) are often used together, for example, bilateral cooperation projects are also included in the cooperation plan of the EU or international organizations, and Get support from their funds and other aspects. In addition to the above-mentioned conventional development cooperation, Germany also provides temporary emergency assistance for developing countries such as disaster relief and refugee relief.
IV. Standards of German Official Development Cooperation Policy The main purpose of the German development cooperation policy is to help developing countries and countries in transition to improve economic, political, ecological and social conditions, and to help and promote the creativity of people in recipient countries. Of course, the efforts of developing countries and countries in transition are the first priority for their development and development direction. Development assistance cooperation is only to support and promote the efforts of these countries.
Germany has five standards for its official development cooperation policy:
1. Pay attention to human rights
2. Guarantee legal security
3. Ensuring public participation in politics
4. Establish a market economy and society-oriented economic order
5. Ensuring that the country's behavior is development-oriented The five standards are the basis of Germany's official development cooperation policy, which constitutes the standard method and scale for Germany's foreign development assistance work, and is also the evaluation of the development cooperation project by the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation. in accordance with.
For developing countries and countries in transition that are committed to building a socially stable and cost-effective social order, Germany will give priority to providing development cooperation assistance. On the contrary, Germany will reduce or even stop its development assistance to countries with poor development frameworks. For example, since 1990, Germany has stopped direct assistance to countries such as Somalia and Sudan.
V. The usual steps of the German official development cooperation project
1. The governments of developing countries and countries in transition apply to the German federal government as required;
2. The Federal Ministry of Economics and Cooperation selects the applications received and selects the specific implementing agencies to participate in the evaluation plan (usually, representatives of the partner institutions of the recipient countries and local experts will also participate);
3. The executing agency is entrusted by the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Coordination to evaluate and evaluate the plan and submit the evaluation report to the Ministry of Economic Cooperation;
4. The OECD analyzes the assessment results and decides whether it is worthwhile to take promotion measures;
5. The OECD entrusts the executing agency to be specifically responsible for the German part of the plan, and the federal government signs the agreement with the relevant recipient countries;
6. With the support and assistance of the German implementing agency, the implementing agency of the recipient country will implement the plan;
7. During the implementation of the plan, the German implementing agency will be responsible for the work of the German side and will assess whether the plan will be implemented according to the original plan. The Ministry of Economic Cooperation will supervise the entire process and correct it as appropriate;
8. After the completion of the assistance project, the recipient country, the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and the German specific implementation agency (and in some cases the German Federal Court of Auditors) will assess the development policy impact and sustainability of the project.
The Fuxing Credit Bank and the German Technical Cooperation Corporation will announce the results of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the development assistance cooperation project at regular intervals.
6. The competent authority for the development and cooperation of the German Federal Government - the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development of the German Federal Government of the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development is the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (referred to as the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development). The department was established in Bonn on November 14, 1961. Currently, there are about 600 employees (including civil servants and employees), 90% of whom work in Bonn and 10% in Berlin.
The leadership of the OECD includes a minister (Mr. Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul of the Social Democratic Party), a member of the parliament (Ms. Uschi Eid of the Green Party) and a secretary of affairs (Mr. Erich Stather of the Social Democratic Party).
The Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation currently has three divisions in Bonn. The specific division of labor is:
The first division is responsible for public administration, cooperation with social organizations, and quality assessment and management of development cooperation projects. There are 14 divisions in the 10th and 11th divisions.
The Second Division is responsible for development cooperation in Asia, Latin America and Europe, and is responsible for maintaining peace, democratization and related affairs of the United Nations, as well as management and evaluation of bilateral financial and technical cooperation. The department includes the 20th, 21st and 23rd branch divisions, a total of 15 divisions.
The third division is responsible for multilateral development cooperation and coordination among donor countries, and coordinates EU development cooperation policies, formulating economic and financial systems, the sustainability of environmental and resource use, and the basic principles and promotion of development cooperation in poverty eradication and social development. Program. In addition, in accordance with the new division of labor, development cooperation for Africa and the Middle East is also the responsibility of the Third Division. There are 18 divisions including the 30th, 31st and 32nd divisions.
VII. The implementing agency of the German development cooperation project The German federal government is mainly responsible for the formulation of development policies and negotiations and consultations with partner governments and organizations. The implementation of development cooperation projects is mostly entrusted to relevant implementing agencies. There are a large number of these implementing agencies, the most important and representative of which are: Fuxing Credit Bank, Technical Cooperation Corporation, International Training and Development Corporation, German Development Service, Federal Bureau of Geological Science and Materials and Federal Physical and Technical Bureau. Only a few of them are briefly introduced:
(1) KfW, which is responsible for implementing financial cooperation, and its German Investment and Development Corporation (DEG)
The Fuxing Credit Bank was established in 1948, the German federal government owns 80% of its shares, and the state governments jointly own the remaining 20%. The bank is an agency commissioned by the federal government to implement financial cooperation. Since the implementation of fiscal cooperation in the 1960s, the federal government has promised about 51.5 billion euros to developing countries. In the context of fiscal cooperation, the Credit Bank has provided more than 2,500 projects to more than 100 developing countries in the world. financial support. Part of this is to use the government budget to directly provide concessional loans to developing countries, and some to mix with market funds such as commercial loans.
The German Investment and Development Corporation (DEG) is a subsidiary of Fuxing Credit Bank, which specializes in promoting German private companies, especially SMEs, investing in developing countries. Its promotion methods include medium and long-term loans, guarantees, investment participation and advisory services. Since 1962, the agency has provided €5 billion in funding for nearly 1,100 projects, which has led German private investors to invest about 34 billion euros in developing countries.
(2) German Technical Cooperation Company (GTZ) responsible for implementing technical cooperation
The German Technical Cooperation was founded in 1975 and is headquartered in Eschborn near Frankfurt. The company is wholly owned by the German federal government and is funded by the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and is a non-profit organization specializing in technical cooperation projects. GTZ currently employs more than 10,000 people in more than 130 countries around the world (of which about 8,500 are local employees). The main way for companies to provide assistance or services to developing countries is to assist them in developing projects that promote economic and social development, impart relevant experience and technology, and provide professional advice.
(3) German International Training and Development Corporation (InWEnt) responsible for implementing personnel training and cooperation
The International Training and Development Corporation was formed in 2002 by the merger of the German International Development Foundation (DSE) and the Carl Duisburg Association (CDG) and is headquartered in Bonn with a total of 850 employees. The agency is the main implementer of the federal government's foreign development assistance personnel training program. The main owner of the International Training and Development Corporation is the German Federal Government. About 70% of the funds are provided by the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation, and the other 30 institutions provide about 30% of the funds, including the European Commission, the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and various federal states. At present, there are 35,000 people attending the InWEnt training and exchange program each year, with a total project amount of 140 million euros. InWEnt has thus become Germany's largest organization for training and development cooperation worldwide.
In Germany, InWEnt has a headquarters in Bonn/Cologne, and also in Berlin, Bonn, Feldafing, Mannheim, Magdeburg, Saarbrücken and Leipzig. (Zschortau) has a professional division and a federal network of service offices consisting of state offices and regional work agencies. In foreign countries, InWEnt has established offices in Brussels, Moscow, Kiev, Pretoria, Lima and Manila. InWEnt also works with CDS International Inc., based in New York, Nippon Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft in Tokyo, and Carl Duis in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The CD Brasil maintains a close working relationship. In addition, InWEnt has a unique resource of more than 80 development policy partnerships consisting of more than 5,000 former scholarship students, which are widely distributed in more than 60 developing countries.
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