RFID Overview
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a non-contact automatic identification technology that uses radio frequency signals to identify and track objects. It is an advanced form of radio technology specifically applied in the field of automatic identification. RFID tags, commonly known as electronic tags, are used to store and transmit data wirelessly. This system allows for automatic recognition of objects without manual intervention, making it highly efficient even in harsh environments. RFID tags offer multiple advantages such as waterproofing, resistance to magnetic fields, high-temperature tolerance, long lifespan, compact size, long reading range, batch data storage, encryption capabilities, and the ability to recognize fast-moving objects. In recent years, RFID has become widely adopted in warehouse management, particularly in inventory control and logistics tracking.
Basic Structure and Working Principle of RFID Technology
2.1 Basic Structure of the RFID System
An RFID system consists of two main components: RFID tags (also called transponders or tags) and RFID readers (also known as interrogators or readers). The tags store electronic data in a standardized format and are usually attached to the object being identified—either on its surface or internally. When an object with an RFID tag enters the reader’s detection range, the reader automatically reads the information stored in the tag without any physical contact. This process enables automatic identification and data collection. With the help of computers, PLCs, and networks, additional functions such as data processing, remote transmission, and further management can be performed efficiently.
2.2 Working Principle of RFID Technology
RFID technology relies on the coupling between the tag and the reader through radio frequency signals. Energy and data are transferred based on timing relationships within this coupling channel. The process begins when the reader sends encoded data onto a carrier signal at a specific frequency. The RFID tag receives this signal, processes it by modulating, decoding, and decrypting, and then checks the command against predefined requirements, passwords, or permissions. If the command is to read data, the tag retrieves the relevant information from memory, encrypts, encodes, and sends it back to the reader via its antenna. The reader then decodes and processes the received data, sending it to the central system. If the command involves modifying data, the internal circuitry increases the operating voltage to rewrite the information in the EEPROM. If the authentication fails, an error message is returned.
Types and Characteristics of Electronic Tags
3.1 Types of Electronic Labels
RFID tags can be categorized into active and passive types. Active tags contain a built-in battery, allowing them to operate at higher frequencies, with longer reading distances and faster communication rates. Passive tags, on the other hand, do not have a battery and rely on the energy from the reader’s signal to function. As a result, they have shorter reading ranges and slower data transfer speeds.
3.2 Characteristics of Electronic Tags
(1) Small Size and Diverse Shapes
RFID tags come in various shapes and sizes, such as cards, labels, rings, buttons, and pens. They can be miniaturized and embedded with printed antennas, making them suitable for different applications and products.
(2) Anti-pollution and Durability
Unlike traditional barcodes made of paper, RFID tags are resistant to water, oil, and chemicals. They are also less prone to damage since the data is stored in a chip rather than on a physical label.
(3) Reusability
RFID tags allow for repeated data updates, unlike barcodes, which are fixed once printed. This makes them ideal for dynamic information management.
(4) Penetration and Barrier-Free Reading
RFID can read through non-metallic and non-transparent materials like paper, plastic, and cardboard, making it more versatile than barcodes, which require direct line-of-sight.
(5) Large Memory Capacity
RFID tags can store significantly more data compared to barcodes. While a barcode may hold up to 50 bytes, RFID tags can store megabytes of data, offering greater flexibility for future use.
(6) Security
RFID tags comply with international standards such as ISO 15693, ensuring unique 64-bit identification codes that cannot be duplicated. Data transmission can also be secured using encryption and key authentication methods.
(7) Quick Scanning
Unlike barcodes, which can only scan one at a time, RFID systems can read multiple tags simultaneously, greatly improving efficiency in inventory and logistics management.
Application of Electronic Labels in Measurement and Storage Management
RFID technology has proven to be highly effective in measurement and storage management. It enables real-time tracking of inventory, improves accuracy, reduces human errors, and streamlines operations. By integrating RFID into storage systems, businesses can achieve better visibility, control, and efficiency in managing their assets.
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