1. Introduction
The rapid evolution of wireless communication systems has created a growing demand for high-performance, broadband antennas capable of supporting high data rates. Among the available frequency bands, the millimeter-wave spectrum stands out as a key candidate for short-range, high-speed wireless applications. As a result, there has been a surge in research focused on developing compact and efficient ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas operating in the millimeter-wave range. Another significant trend in antenna design is the integration of RF front-end components directly into the antenna structure. In recent years, low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology has been widely used in RF circuits due to its excellent electrical properties. However, LTCC has limitations when it comes to antenna integration, such as a narrow impedance bandwidth and significant surface wave propagation caused by its relatively high dielectric constant. To address these challenges, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) has emerged as a promising alternative. LCP offers lower loss, flexibility, and excellent moisture resistance, making it an ideal material for high-frequency applications. With a low loss tangent of 0.002–0.004 at 60 GHz, LCP is well-suited for the fabrication of microwave and millimeter-wave devices, offering great potential for future antenna systems.2. Ultra-Wideband Slot Antenna Design
2.1 Structural Design of Single-Slot Antenna
Tapered slot antennas are a popular choice for ultra-wideband applications due to their wide bandwidth and high gain. Traditional designs often use a free-standing ground plane, allowing radiation to occur on both sides of the slot. However, integrating such antennas onto a metal platform can significantly degrade performance by reducing the operational bandwidth. Therefore, designing a tapered slot antenna with a ground plane remains a critical challenge. In this study, we designed an ultra-wideband slot antenna using a multi-layer LCP board, which was optimized for operation in the millimeter-wave low band. The three-dimensional structure is illustrated in Figure 2. Energy is fed through a microstrip line on the top layer, and the linear tapered slot is placed on the third metal layer. This configuration allows energy to be coupled from the feed line to the radiating slot via a microstrip-slot transition. The third metal layer acts as a ground plane, and the radiating slot is connected to it via a conductive post. Additionally, air gaps formed by partially etched metal layers enhance mechanical strength and increase the effective dielectric thickness, thereby broadening the bandwidth. The optimized dimensions are listed in Table 1.2.1.2 Simulation Results of the Antenna
The antenna was simulated using Ansoft HFSS and CST software. The results, shown in Figure 6, indicate that the reflection coefficient (S11) is below -10 dB between 40 GHz and 52 GHz. The gains at the two resonance frequencies of 42 GHz and 47 GHz are 2.1 dBi and 3.0 dBi, respectively. However, the simulation results suggest that the single-layer design does not fully meet the desired bandwidth requirements for practical applications.2.2 Structural Design of Double-Slot Antenna
To further improve the bandwidth, we introduced a dual-tapered slot structure. By etching an additional tapered slot on the fifth metal layer, the overall bandwidth was significantly expanded. The dimensions of the second slot are detailed in Table 2. The resulting design, as shown in Figure 7, demonstrates a much broader operating range.2.2.2 Simulation Results of the Antenna
Simulations using HFSS and CST revealed that the double-layer tapered slot antenna achieves a reflection coefficient below -10 dB from 33 GHz to 60 GHz, covering the entire millimeter-wave low band. The antenna exhibits gains of 2.1 dBi, 3.0 dBi, and 3.2 dBi at 39 GHz, 42.6 GHz, and 52.7 GHz, respectively. The radiation patterns at these frequencies, shown in Figure 9, demonstrate stable performance across the working bandwidth. As the frequency increases, the directivity improves, and the beam width narrows, while the main lobe direction remains consistent.3. Conclusion
This paper presents a millimeter-wave ultra-wideband tapered slot antenna based on an LCP circuit process. To achieve a broader bandwidth, a novel design combining two tapered slots was proposed. The presence of a metal ground plane effectively suppresses backward radiation, improving overall performance. The fabricated antenna operates between 33 GHz and 60 GHz, maintaining a consistent radiation pattern throughout the entire frequency range. Its elliptical polarization makes it suitable for complex environments. The study confirms that LCP technology is a viable solution for developing cost-effective, lightweight, and high-performance millimeter-wave antennas.The Drone Gasoline Engine is an internal combustion engine specifically designed to power unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) using gasoline (petrol) as fuel.
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