At the Senior Lighting Designers Forum held in Kunming at the end of 2012, I made a report, “Four Elements of Green Lighting,†which suggested that green lighting must include energy saving, environmental protection, safety and comfort. With the advancement of light source technology and the improvement of standards, we can continue to discuss in depth the safety and comfort of light.
Solid state lighting includes LEDs and OLEDs. At present, OLED has not been widely used in general illumination, so this article mainly discusses LED. With the elimination of incandescent lamps and the gradual withdrawal of high-pressure mercury lamps, the scope of traditional lighting has been reduced. At present, it mainly includes halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps, as well as supporting electrical appliances and lamps.
The indicators for evaluating energy efficiency are the efficacy, lifetime and lumen maintenance of light sources and lamps. Environmental indicators are emissions of hazardous substances in the production, transportation, operation, disposal and recycling processes, as well as emissions corresponding to the electrical energy consumed during operation. LED does not contain harmful luminescent substances such as mercury, and the light efficiency, life and lumen maintenance rate exceed the traditional light source, so the advantages in energy saving and environmental protection have been recognized.
In terms of safety, all light sources and luminaires are subject to electrical safety mandatory standards. Only the blue light hazard of photobiosafety is discussed here. The comfort indicators include color temperature, color rendering index, color tolerance and glare index. The long-term application of traditional light sources is equivalent to setting the threshold for photobiosafety and light quality. Has the LED been completely out of traditional lighting?
Blu-ray hazard
Blue light hazards have international and national standards, and hazard levels and test methods have been standardized. Many research results have been published in journals, conferences, and white papers from the Semiconductor Lighting Alliance.
According to theoretical and experimental studies conducted in 2013, it is found that the blue light hazard is related to the color temperature and brightness of the light source, and the LED is not substantially different from the conventional light source. When the color temperature and color rendering index of the light source are similar, the blue light hazard efficiency of various light sources is almost the same; the blue light hazard efficiency is proportional to the color temperature, so the blue light hazard efficiency of the 6500K light source is 2.4 times that of the 2700K light source, and the impact is not large.
The blue-lighted radiance that evaluates the blue-light hazard is proportional to the brightness, and the brightness of the light source varies by a factor of 100, so the blue-light hazard is primarily determined by the brightness of the light source. Controlling the brightness of the light source, the blue light hazard is also controlled. For light sources with a color temperature lower than 6500K, as long as the brightness does not exceed 100kcdm–2, or the illumination does not exceed 1000lx, it is safe for Blu-ray (Class 0, no danger). For light sources with higher brightness, if classified in low-risk categories (Class 1), the use of the light source is not limited as long as direct vision is avoided.
Among the traditional light sources used in indoor lighting , straight tube fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (energy-saving lamps) have the lowest brightness, and are classified as Class 0 blue light hazards (non-hazardous) in the color temperature range of ordinary illumination, and are light sources that can be directly viewed for a long time; Tungsten halogen lamps and metal halide lamps have high brightness and can only be viewed in a short time. High-power LED single or integrated package devices have high brightness and may reach the brightness of quartz metal halide lamps, such as for spotlights, and cannot be viewed directly with the eyes. For LED lighting or luminaires for regional lighting, it is necessary to add a diffuser or diffuser on the outside of the package to reduce the brightness by more than an order of magnitude, which can also achieve Class 0 blue light hazard. If the brightness of an LED source is similar to that of an energy-saving lamp, it is definitely safe for Blu-ray.
Of course, since the brightness of LED light sources and lamps is larger, special attention should be paid to controlling glare when designing lighting. In general, white light LED light sources and luminaires for general lighting have a blue light hazard in the safe range as long as they control the brightness.
There are no clear criteria for non-visual biological effects. The existing research results at home and abroad show that the rhythm efficiency of the light source is also proportional to the color temperature. In order to comply with the natural rhythm of the human body, indoor lighting should use a low color temperature light source at night, so as not to interfere with the human body's sleep.
2. Light quality
Comfort is determined by the light quality of the source, including spectrum, color temperature, color rendering index, color tolerance, spatial color uniformity, glare index, stroboscopic, and color stability during lifetime.
During millions of years of evolution, human eyes have adapted to the continuous spectrum of nature, including sunlight, skylight, and moonlight. Early artificial light sources were continuous spectra such as torches, candles and oil lamps, as well as first-generation electric light sources such as incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps. With the emergence of gas discharge sources with higher light efficiency, fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps with different degrees of discontinuity appear in people's lives, but their use time is less than 80 years, in the long history of human history. It is only a moment, not enough to influence the vision of the human eye from a genetic perspective. From the perspective of natural law, the use of continuous spectrum light sources in indoor lighting is always a more natural choice.
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