Power splitters and combiners are the most common/most common high frequency devices, as are couplers such as directional couplers. These devices are used to divide, combine, and couple high frequency energy from the antenna or system interior with little loss and leakage. The choice of PCB board is a key factor in achieving the desired performance of these devices. When designing and processing a power splitter/combiner/coupler, it is helpful to understand how the performance of the PCB material affects the final performance of these devices, for example, to help make a range of different performance metrics for selected panels. Limits, including frequency range, working bandwidth, power capacity.
Many different circuits are used to design the power splitter (which in turn is a combiner) and the coupler, which come in a variety of different forms. The power splitter has a simple two-way power split and a complex N-way power split, depending on the actual needs of the system. Many different directional couplers and other types of couplers have also evolved in recent years, including Wilkinson and resistive power splitters, as well as Lange couplers and orthogonal hybrid bridges, which come in many different forms and size. Choosing the right PCB material in these circuit designs helps achieve the best performance.
These different circuit types compromise the design's structure and performance, helping designers choose boards for different applications. The Wilkinson dual-channel splitter provides a dual equal-amplitude and phase output signal through a single input signal. It is actually a “no-loss†circuit designed to provide a 3dB less contrast to the original signal (or It is the output signal of half of the original signal (the output power of each port of the power divider decreases as the number of output ports increases). In contrast, the resistive two-way splitter provides an output signal that is 6dB smaller than the original signal. The increased impedance in each branch of the resistive power divider increases losses, but also increases the isolation between the two signals.
As with many circuit designs, the dielectric constant (Dk) is generally the starting point for choosing different PCB materials, and designers of power splitter/power combiners generally prefer to use high dielectric constant (Dk) circuit materials because These materials provide effective electromagnetic coupling on smaller sized circuits compared to low dielectric constant materials. A problem with high dielectric constant circuits is that the dielectric constant in the board is anisotropic or that the dielectric constant values ​​of the circuit boards are different in the x, y, and z directions. When the dielectric constant in the same direction changes greatly, it is also difficult to obtain a transmission line having a uniform impedance.
Maintaining impedance invariance is important in achieving splitter/combiner characteristics, and variations in dielectric constant (impedance) can result in uneven electromagnetic energy and power distribution. Fortunately, there are commercially available PCB materials with superior isotropy that can be used in these circuits, such as TMM 10i circuit materials. These materials have a relatively high dielectric constant value of 9.8 and are maintained at a level of 9.8 +/- 0.245 (measured at 10 GHz) in the three coordinate axes. This can also be understood as a uniform impedance characteristic in the transmission line of the splitter/combiner and coupler that allows the electromagnetic energy distribution in the device to be constant and measurable. For higher dielectric constant PCB materials, the TMM 13i laminate has a dielectric constant of 12.85 and a variation of +/- 0.35 (10 GHz) in three axes.
Of course, when designing a power splitter/power combiner and a coupler, constant dielectric constant and impedance characteristics are only one of the PCB material parameters to consider. Minimizing insertion loss is often an important goal when designing splitter/combiner or coupler circuits. Ideally, a two-way Wilkinson splitter can be supplied to two output ports -3dB or Half of the input electromagnetic energy. In fact, each splitter/combiner (and coupler) circuit has a certain insertion loss, usually depending on the frequency (the loss also increases as the frequency increases), so for a splitter/combiner In terms of design, the choice of PCB material needs to be considered how to control, so that the insertion loss of the circuit is minimized.
In passive high-frequency devices such as power splitters/combiners or couplers, the insertion loss is actually the sum of many losses, including dielectric loss, conductor loss, radiation loss, and leakage loss. Some of these losses can be controlled through careful circuit design, and they may also depend on the characteristics of the PCB material and can minimize losses by properly selecting the PCB material. Impedance mismatch (ie, standing wave ratio loss) can result in losses, but can be reduced by selecting a PCB material of constant dielectric constant.
Minimizing losses is critical in designing high power value splitters/combiners and couplers because at high power losses are converted to heat and dissipated in the device and PCB material, while heat can dielectrically material Constant values ​​(and impedance values) have an effect.
In summary, when designing and processing high-frequency splitters/combiners and couplers, the choice of PCB material should be based on many different key material properties, including dielectric constant values, continuity of material dielectric constants, and environmental factors such as temperature. Reducing material loss includes dielectric loss and conductor loss as well as power capacity. Choosing PCB materials for specific applications can help to design high-frequency splitters/combiners or couplers with success.
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