Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Each carbon atom forms sp² hybrid orbitals, creating strong sigma bonds (blue) with bond angles of 120° between adjacent atoms. The fourth electron from each carbon atom participates in the formation of a weak pi bond (purple), which extends across the entire structure. The carbon-carbon bond length is approximately 0.142 nm, and each unit cell contains two atoms, one on the A sublattice and the other on the B sublattice. The p-orbitals of all carbon atoms are perpendicular to the plane of the sp² hybridization, allowing for the formation of a delocalized pi bond system that spans the whole material.
In recent years, graphene has captured public imagination as a "black technology" with immense potential. From graphene-based power banks to smart clothing and advanced engine oils, this remarkable nanomaterial is gradually making its way into everyday life. However, many people still view it through a conceptual lens rather than understanding its real-world applications.
Since 2012, the Chinese government has actively supported the development of graphene, aiming to transition it from basic research to industrial production. This has led to significant progress in the field, with the industry now experiencing rapid growth. As shown in the image, the graphene industry is gaining momentum, with promising prospects for future expansion.
Graphene's unique properties—its incredible strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal efficiency—have made it a key player in various sectors, including semiconductors, flexible electronics, biomedicine, energy storage, and sensing technologies. Experts believe that its impact on daily life will be profound and transformative.
For instance, researchers at Guangxi University have developed a graphene-based mobile power supply capable of generating electricity from seawater, ice, or snow, offering a reliable solution for outdoor activities. Additionally, graphene quantum dots show great promise in early tumor detection and treatment, potentially revolutionizing cancer care by enabling precise imaging and targeted therapy.
The Chinese government has also recognized the strategic importance of graphene. In 2015, the "Made in China 2025" initiative included graphene as a priority, and subsequent policies have further promoted its innovation and commercialization.
Globally, China leads in graphene patents, with over 58% of global graphene-related patents originating from the country. Domestic companies and research institutions have also been rapidly expanding, with more than 2,000 enterprises involved in graphene-related activities. Major cities like Liuzhou, Nanjing, and Wuxi have become hubs for graphene innovation and application.
Despite these achievements, the road to full commercialization remains challenging. Many experts emphasize that graphene is still in the early stages of development, with most products being low-end and not yet fully integrated into mainstream markets. While the potential is vast, the process of transforming graphene from lab to market could take several years, if not decades.
As Professor Liu Zhongfan pointed out, graphene is currently more of an "icing on the cake" rather than a fundamental breakthrough. He also cautioned against the proliferation of graphene industrial parks without proper integration with local industries, suggesting instead that focused, region-specific strategies would yield better results.
In conclusion, while graphene holds tremendous promise, its journey from scientific discovery to widespread adoption is still ongoing. With continued research, improved standards, and stronger industry collaboration, it may eventually "fly into the homes of ordinary people," reshaping the world in ways we can only begin to imagine.
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